how to answer “how long have you been job searching?”

A reader writes:

I was called about a job I had applied to, and they asked me how long I had been job hunting. I’ve been job hunting for a few months, but panicked because I thought that might make it sound like there was something wrong with me and no one wanted to hire me, so I told them I started looking a few weeks ago.

Logically, I realize many that people end up job hunting for a year or more before getting an offer, so this shouldn’t be held against you, but I don’t know if this is one of those questions where the truth is sometimes a bad answer (like how you don’t badmouth your insane boss when asked why you want to leave your current company).

When asked how long you’ve been job hunting, what are they trying to figure out? Does your answer matter?

Honestly, it’s a weird question, and most interviewers don’t ask it.

Those that do are usually asking because they’re wondering whether you’re just at the very beginning of exploring options and possibly inclined to spend some time looking around, or whether you have a search well underway and might have a competing offer soon (and thus they may need to move quickly if they’re interested).

Or if you’ve been unemployed for a long time, it’s possible that they’re asking because they’re wondering if there’s something else going on — if you’ve actually been searching that whole time or whether you took a deliberate break for a while.

In any case, it’s true that you don’t want to give an answer that makes the interviewer think (even if only subconsciously) that you’ve been looking forever and no one is interested in hiring you. Good answers are:

* “I just started seriously looking recently, and I’m being choosy about what I apply to.”
* “I’ve been taking my time to make sure I find the right fit.”
* Or, if you’ve clearly been out of work for a while: “I had the ability to take some time off and now I’m eager to get back to work.”

4 questions to ask your team members

Knowing how to ask the right questions can be the difference between being an okay manager and a great one.

Asking employees the four questions below will get you insight into your team members and their work, help you understand where you can be the most useful, in many cases improve your team’s work product, and even increase people’s morale.

1. What’s worrying you right now?

You might assume that you’ll hear about it when an employee is worried about a project or a deadline or a difficult client, but in reality, many employees assume that they’re supposed to handle this kind of thing without involving you. Asking this question can open to door to all kinds of information and concerns that you might never hear about otherwise. You might end up learning that about a client who’s about to very upset by something, or that another department isn’t getting your employee what she needs quickly enough, or that your employee has real concerns about the strategy she’s overseeing. Hearing this kind of thing gives you a chance to give input and guidance, intervene where you need to, and help your staff member think through solutions and course-correct when necessary.

2. What’s going really well right now?

This question can elicit things that your employee is really excited about (which may be things you don’t realize they’re highly motivated by), and talking about it can give them a sense of accomplishment and progress. Plus, you might learn details that you didn’t know about – things your team is doing that make you proud.

And if you follow up by asking about why they think it’s going so well, you and the employee both might be able to draw out valuable lessons that can be used in the future.

3. What should we be doing differently?

Your employees have a different perspective on some things than you, because they’re more deeply involved in some areas, less involved in others, and simply have a different vantage point than you do. They likely have thoughts on what could be done differently or better, but people don’t always speak up about this kind of thing – because they have their hands full with their core jobs, or they’re not sure that a suggestion of change would be welcome, or it just hasn’t occurred to them that you’d want their thoughts.

Explicitly asking people to talk with you about what could be done differently reinforces that you welcome their input and that you’re open to change – and can result in you making improvements in areas where you didn’t even know improvement was needed.

4. What do we need to do to get you to sign on for another year?

Sometimes the reason managers lose their best people is because they never actually asked them to stay. It sounds obvious, but when’s the last time you talked to your highest performers about how to retain them? Even if you don’t get an immediate commitment, having an explicit discussion and showing that you care enough to talk about it can have a significant impact on how valued people feel and whether they stick around.

Of course, you also need other retention strategies in the mix, including salary, professional growth, new challenges, and so forth – but don’t underestimate the power of a direct conversation about someone’s future.

my coworker keeps missing deadlines and it impacts my work

A reader writes:

As an avid reader of your column, I’ve read multiple articles outlining the differences between “tattling” vs bringing an important issue in front of management that impacts work product. This issue is clearly on the non-tattling business impact side, and yet I’m still struggling with how to handle it, and I am hoping you can help me.

I have a coworker who I depend on for data for a recurring project (requires major updates two times per year). Every time the update is due, I schedule check-in meetings weeks in advance and make it explicitly clear that I need X by [date] and Y by [date].

And every. single. time. my colleague slips the deadline, running us down to the wire, such that I am scrambling to pull everything together last minute – and sometimes the data are wrong – or I interpret it incorrectly – and we haven’t had the chance to QA it and only discover the mistakes months later.

Colleague is always apologetic. Colleague is a really nice guy, and I like him personally. And it is always the case that something unforeseen and beyond his control is responsible for the missed deadline. This I do not buy so much anymore, but it’s impossible for me to verify.

It seems like a no-brainer that I need to surface this to my boss or to my colleague’s boss, and it’s stupid that I haven’t done it yet. I’m just at war with myself over how to do this, and feel like a complete toad/tattletale, even though I know that it’s the right thing to do.

Part of the problem is that I don’t know what approach to take. Should I have a conversation with him first and let him know that this is unacceptable and that I have to alert my manager or his manager the next time he misses a deadline? Should I just send an email to his manager, CC mine, and not tell him first? Or I could bring it up in my next 1:1 with my manager — but my manager is very, very senior, and I worry that I’m coming to her with a problem and not a solution. I don’t even know what the solution is or what outcome I’m looking for.

Any advice other than “Grow a pair”? Maybe “Grow a pair” really is the only solution – but why do I feel like such a jerk?

Well, you feel like a jerk because your colleague is a nice person and you like him, and you’re about to relay information that’s going cause some discomfort for him.

And you’re probably a nice person yourself, and so that sucks.

But yes, you do need to speak up and loop in your manager. If this had just happened once, you could try working it out with your colleague directly. But it’s a long-running pattern, it’s causing real and ongoing problems, and the very reasonable steps that you’ve taken to try to address it haven’t solved the problem.

And it is a problem that needs to be solved, so that means that you need to escalate it.

At this point, I think you need to do two things:

1. Talk to your colleague about your concern. You shouldn’t have to do this — your colleague should already understand that there’s a pattern of him missing these deadlines and should be acknowledging it and coming up with a plan to fixed it — but since that’s not happening, you need to raise it. Say something like this: “Cecil, I want to talk to you about the deadlines for the X project. I depend on you to get me the data in time twice every year, and it’s causing me real problems that the data is often late and contains mistakes, or doesn’t come in time to QA it. It’s become enough of a problem that I think I need to pull Jane (Jane is your boss here) and possibly Fergus (Fergus is his boss) in on this because I really need the next set of data to be on time and accurate, but I wanted to give you a heads-up that I’m going to do that.”

Alternately, you could change that last bit to say that you’re going to bring Jane and Fergus in on it only if there are problems in the future, rather than moving straight to talking with them now. But that means accepting that there’s a pretty good chance that the next data set is going to be messed up too. Are you willing to accept that high likelihood in exchange for giving him one final chance to handle this on his own? Whether or not that makes sense to do depends on how much of an impact his mistakes will have if it happens again.

2. Whether you decide to do it now or wait until the next time there’s a problem, at some point, yes, you’ll need to talk with your own manager about what’s going on. You said that you’re hesitant to bring her a problem without a solution, but — while in general, yes, it’s good to propose solutions where you can — this is a problem where the solution isn’t within your control. The solution here is that your coworker’s boss needs to step in and talk with him (and probably more closely manage him for a while), and you can’t make that happen without escalating things.

Say something like this: “I want to loop you in to a problem I’ve been having with the data for X. I rely on Cecil to supply me with the data for X, and it’s always late and often inaccurate. I’ve tried checking in with him weeks in advance and making it really clear what I’ll need by when, but each time it’s late and I’ve been left scrambling at the last minute, without a chance to QA it. At this point, I think I need to talk to Fergus and get his help in resolving this. Does that sound right to you?”

(And actually, in this formulation, you are bringing her a solution — your proposed solution is talking with Cecil’s boss. But you might work somewhere where it would be more appropriate for your boss to be the one to do that, in which case you could change this wording to whatever’s appropriate in your organization, like “I wondered if you’d be willing to talk with Fergus about how we can get what we need from his team” or whatever.)

Does it suck to have to escalate something when it’s about a coworker? Yes. But this is impacting your work, it’s happened repeatedly, and your boss and your coworker’s boss would almost certainly want to know this is happening and have the chance to step in and resolve it.

Read an update to this letter here.

I’m not allowed to wear jeans but all my coworkers do, drinking the boss’s fancy water, and more

It’s five answers to five questions. Here we go…

1. Am I allowed to drink my boss’s fancy water in the office kitchen?

My office supplies drinks for the employees, typically water, juice, coffee, tea, ect. These are purchased by the assistant once a month on her company card and stocked in the communal kitchen fridge. Recently, the head manager in the office decided he really liked this fancy water, $3/bottle water that has some additives to help him with a condition he’s dealing with. So in addition to the regular water being purchased, the assistant is also ordering this fancy water online and stocking it in the office fridge. Note that she is using her company card to buy this water, at the manager’s request. The request from the boss is not uncommon; the fridge has iced tea and vitamin water because different people requested it and the assistant opted to buy that too.

I prefer the regular water and drink a decent amount of it during the day. We ran out of the regular water recently but there is plenty of the fancy water in the fridge, so I started drinking that. Now I’m getting comments telling me I shouldn’t be drinking the boss’s water. My mentality is that is’t not the boss’s water because it was purchased with the company card. Just because it was purchased at the boss’s request does not mean the boss is the only one who can drink it. Yet for some reason “the boss’s water” is special? Who is correct here?

Who’s telling you not to drink it, your coworkers or the boss himself? If it’s coming from your boss himself, yeah, that’s obnoxious but ultimately his call to make — if he’s authorized to have the office buy him his own personal supply of drinking water, then it’s his prerogative, although he should realize that the optics on that kind of thing aren’t good. But if it’s your coworkers (which is what it sounds like), I’d assume that they’re just unnecessarily kowtowing to the boss and you can ignore them. To be safe, you could first ask, “Did Bob himself say not to drink it or are you just assuming we should leave it for him?” … but I suspect they’re just being overly deferential in a way that your boss didn’t request and wouldn’t want if he’s reasonable.

2. My boss doesn’t want me to wear jeans even though everyone else does

I’ve been at my job in marketing for almost a year. It’s a smallish media company with occasional but not frequent visitors, and customers basically never visit. When I interviewed, I noticed people wearing jeans when I came in on a Monday, Tuesday, etc. I dressed up anyway on my first day and then asked to make sure jeans were okay, and was told by my boss “only on Fridays.”

I still noticed jeans being worn by other departments on every day of the week. (My department is only me and my manager, and I’ve for the most part only seen her wear jean on Fridays.) I asked others if they had ever been told jeans only on Fridays, and they said no. I still avoided them, since I wasn’t sure. Then a few months later, our president sent out a memo outlining what we can and can’t wear, which said nice jeans without any rips, holes, etc. were fine.

So that’s basically what I’ve been following since, but then today my boss mentioned that while she’s “not going to police it,” she thinks wearing jeans could be holding me back and making me look less professional. I mentioned the email which said they were fine and she didn’t seem to remember ever hearing that. Is there a non-awkward/rude way I can forward her that email to remind her what were told? I do appreciate her honest feedback and of course I don’t want my clothes to hold me back, but others continue to wear jeans regularly and I guess I’m just a little hesitant to eliminate them without a concrete reason. I get the sense this is more about my boss’ personal preference, as she rarely wears jeans.

Well, what do you care about more — getting to wear jeans or having your manager see you as polished and professional? I get that it doesn’t seem fair, if the rest of the company is allowed to wear jeans. But your boss has told you clearly that she doesn’t want your department wearing them (except on Fridays). That’s her prerogative. You can try pushing back on it, but is it really the battle you want to fight, if it means that you win and get to wear jeans but she thinks it reflects poorly on you? (And to be clear, I’m not defending her stance here; I think it’s silly, unless you’re more public-facing than the rest of the company. But it’s her stance, and you can’t change that.)

That said, you could forward her the email from the president and say something like, “I don’t mean to belabor this; I just wanted to share with you where I’d gotten the understanding that nice jeans are okay. If you still want our department to be jeans-free aside from Friday, I’ll do that of course — just didn’t know if you’d seen this email from Millicent.”

3. My client always pay me late

I’m a freelancer doing work for a well-known corporation in my area. I started six months ago and am paid by the hour. I submit an invoice once a month to the department director.

The problem is, out of the six invoices I’ve sent, the director has forgotten to turn in half of them. The first time, she blamed it on getting “hundreds of emails a day” and told me it was my responsibility to make sure I got a confirmation reply from her. The second time, she didn’t say anything beyond “it’s in the mail.” (I discovered it was her mistake when the check came. A photocopied invoice with her handwriting showed she’d turned it in five weeks late.)

90% of my total monthly work is for this corporation, so these checks are my main income. The director’s inattention is affecting how and when I can pay my bills. I don’t want to stop working for this company but I want to come up with a better way to get paid – one that cuts her out as the middle man, if possible! Do you have anything I might suggest to her, or any other advice?

Try saying this: “Is there a better way for me to handle invoices? I know you’re busy, and I wonder if it would make sense for me to send them directly to someone in your accounting office?” (This may not work since she may have to approve them before they can be submitted, but it’s not unreasonable to ask.)

If that doesn’t work: “They’ve been late pretty often, and I do need to get paid on time. Is there something else I can do to make sure they get processed on time?”

And if that doesn’t work: “I need to get paid in a timely fashion. Right now that’s not happening, so we need to come up with a different system.”

You should also try including a due date on your invoices (if you’re not already) and you might consider charging a late fee too (put a notice of it on the initial invoice).

That said, some companies are notorious for doing this to freelancers.

4. Including “acting” in a title

I work for a small nonprofit. My program used to be made up of my boss (director) and me (program analyst). Last month, my boss left to take a different job and I was asked to take on all of his previous responsibilities in addition to my own for the rest of the year. The organization decided to appoint me “acting deputy director” while they try to figure out what they want to do with my program (absorb it into another program, hire someone to replace the old boss, etc.). That decision probably won’t be made for another six months or maybe even longer.

I am much younger than anyone else at the deputy director level at my organization, and I look even younger than I am, so the title boost is a big help in looking credible in front of external partners or clients. But I didn’t know what the norm was for “acting” positions — when I introduce myself to someone new, should I say I’m the “acting deputy director” or just the “deputy director”? What about in my email signature or LinkedIn profile? I don’t want to mislead anyone about my title, but I didn’t know whether it would sound odd to say “acting” in an introduction.

I’ve seen people do it both ways and think either is fine, but if you want to play it safe, include the “acting.”

One other way to do it is this:
Deputy director (acting)

5. When your job forgets to schedule you

A friend went to look at her schedule and realized she wasn’t scheduled to work. When she went into work, they said they forgot to put her on the schedule this week and that they can’t do anything about it, and if she wants hours she will have to ask around. They made notes that if anyone calls in sick to call her into work first. Is that acceptable ? If work forgets to schedule you, shouldn’t they have to fix it?

Legally, you mean? No, it’s up to them unless you have a written agreement to the contrary (which would be unusual). Ethically, they should fix it (she’s presumably counting on that money), although that can get complicated because it means taking hours from other people that were already promised to them. Really, they should just do the schedule correctly in the first place, but businesses with constantly-changing schedules are notorious for this kind of slip-up.

are nonprofits more dysfunctional?

A reader writes:

I’ve been reading Ask A Manager for a long time, and the advice I’ve seen on there has been extremely helpful to me. It seems to me that a large number of the questions you answer come from people who work at nonprofits. Honestly, after seeing all their questions it makes me wonder why anyone would work at one, but that’s not what I wanted to ask about. Have you ever done any data mining on your questions to see where they’re all coming from (i.e. non-profit, technical, business, government, etc)? If you have, would you mind sharing your insights?

I haven’t done any sort of official analysis, but I want to address the nonprofit thing, which is something that has come up in the comments a lot too: I don’t think that nonprofits are disproportionately represented in the letters here. It’s just that you notice “nonprofit” more because people tend to use that label, so we hear a lot of “I work for a nonprofit” whereas people rarely say “I work for a for-profit business.”

(And since 10% of Americans work for nonprofits, that’s a huge portion of potential letter-writers who will describe their work that way, whereas few of the others will use the “for-profit” label.)

I also want to push back on the idea that nonprofits are more dysfunctional. Based on the letters here, it’s small employers that are more likely to be dysfunctional, in any sector. (And nonprofits are more likely to be smaller.) Dysfunction is more likely to flourish when an organization is small; when a place is larger, (a) the impact of incompetence or craziness is usually far more contained, and (b) things tend to have more oversight and review.

So it’s size, not sector.

There are nonprofit organizations that are rigorous and well-run, and there are nonprofit organizations that are poorly run … just like in any other sector.

You want to due your due diligence on any potential employer, because horrible management can lurk anywhere. In fact, as a commenter pointed out recently, all of the “worst boss of the year” nominees in the last two years have been at for-profits (or at least weren’t noted as being at nonprofits).

how to respond professionally to negative feedback

Ever felt caught off-guard when your boss gave you some critical feedback? If you’re like a lot of people, negative feedback can be rough to hear, and you might get defensive or upset or shut down. But those reactions, while understandable, won’t serve as you nearly as well as responding calmly and professionally – even in the face of the toughest feedback. Here’s how to do it.

1. First and foremost, get clear in your own head that feedback – especially critical feedback – is something that will help you. After all, think about what would happen if your employer never gave you feedback: You’d stagnate in your job instead of growing professionally, you’d be less likely to get better and better at what you do, and you might be totally unaware of serious issues that could impact your career progression or reputation and even in some cases get you fired. (That last one especially matters! Even if you ultimately disagree with the feedback, it’s crucial to understand your manager’s perspective so that you can make better decisions for yourself.)

In fact, the more you can train yourself to actively want feedback – to seek it out and to welcome it when it comes – the better you’re likely to do in your career, and the more people will probably like working with you.

2. Don’t react right away. Too often, people’s first instinct when hearing critical feedback is to defend themselves – to explain why their manager’s assessment is wrong or why there were extenuating circumstances, or simply to disagree. And it’s certainly possible that your manager is wrong or that special circumstances were in play – but it’s not helpful to leap straight there. If you do, you’ll make it harder for yourself to truly hear and process the feedback, and you’re more likely to come across as defensive rather than open to input. Instead, focus at first on just listening. Then…

3. Actively show that you’re open to the feedback. Giving critical feedback is hard, and many managers are nervous when they do it. The more open you show that you are to the conversation, the easier it will go for both of you – and the more likely you are to draw out additional useful information. If you simply absorb the input in silence, your manager might not have any idea what you’re thinking or whether you’re angry or upset or you disagree. Instead, try saying something like, “I really appreciate you telling me this. I didn’t realize that this was a problem, and I’m grateful that you raised it.” Note that you’re not even agreeing with the feedback here – you’re simply demonstrating that you don’t have your guard up and that you welcome the conversation. And now you’re having a discussion that’s more about collaborative problem-solving than one-way criticism.

4. Share relevant information. At this point, you might realize that you have information or perspective that your manager doesn’t, and which might impact her assessment if she knew it. It’s reasonable to mention, for example, that the reason a report was late was because you were waiting on information from someone who was out sick, or that you didn’t put as much energy into project X because the CEO told you to focus exclusively on project Y. Most managers want to know that kind of thing, and it’s fine to say, “You’re right that I didn’t put a lot of energy into project X. I had thought that project Y was a higher priority and so I was keeping my focus there. Was that the wrong call to make?”

As long as you’re actively demonstrating openness to your manager’s message (see step #3), it shouldn’t come across as defensive to share information that might change her assessment.

5. Ask for time to process the feedback if you need to. Sometimes it’s tough to absorb critical feedback on the spot, or to figure out how you want to respond. If that’s the case, it’s fine to say something like, “I really appreciate you telling me this. Would it be okay if I took some time to think about this and then circled back to you in a few days with my thoughts?” (Of course, then make sure that you really do. At that point, the onus will be on you to raise the topic again, and if you don’t, you’ll look like you’re shirking a tough conversation or not taking it seriously.)

my former employer is demanding to know where I’m working now and what my salary is

A reader writes:

My previous employment was a less than pleasant experience – bad environment, temperamental colleagues, arguments, etc.

I handed in my notice and found another job. That was over a year ago.

I received a letter from said former employee in the post yesterday. It says, and I quote: “Upon your departure from your position at our firm, you failed to provide certain information that has left our databases incomplete. Please answer the following questions and return the form to us in the envelope provided.”

The form asks for the full name, address and telephone number of my CURRENT employer, my position title, and my annual salary. They are also asking for my current home address.

Just to recap: I left over a year ago. At the time, nobody asked where I was going. Nobody asked me why I was leaving. I went to HR and told them I would be leaving in two weeks. They said “OK then,” and that was that.

Why does my former employer want to know where I work now, and is there anything they can do if I choose not to tell them? I did not a have a pleasant time at my old job, and I do not want it coming back to haunt me.

You are free to ignore their letter. You can put it in the trash and never think of it again. You can do that with any future follow-ups that arrive.

It’s pretty nervy to demand this information from a former employee — your current salary? That’s no one’s business but yours and the IRS’s; requesting it as if it’s no big deal or as if it’s information everyone shares with everyone is ridiculous.

And implying that it’s your fault that they don’t know this (“you failed to provide…”) and citing their “incomplete databases” as if that’s going to be a compelling reason to you?

If for some reason they want to track where former employees are ending up, the time to do that is in an exit interview when you’re leaving (and they still shouldn’t be asking about salary). Or, if they didn’t do that, they should reach out personally (not with an impersonal form letter written like this one), explain the context, and ask — not demand — if you’d be willing to update them.

But they are free to ask (and look like asses while doing it) and you are free to decline or simply ignore it.

You are also free to call them and say you’re confused about a bizarre letter you received from them and ask if perhaps a rogue intern is sending out joke correspondence.

employee is always sick on Mondays, how many finalists are there for most jobs, and more

It’s five answers to five questions. Here we go…

1. Employee frequently calls out sick on Mondays

I have an employee who I hired 6 months ago from another department (they have been at the organization a total of 5+ years). This person is an excellent worker – detail oriented, a problem solver, and a dedicated employee. They are always willing to take on a project and work stay after-hours whenever needed. However, they have a habit of calling in sick on Monday mornings.

I have a really lax leave policy. I have worked places where I felt bad needing to take a sick day, or avoided scheduling my vacation because I knew my boss didn’t like us taking it. I don’t want to be one of those bosses, so I am okay with people taking sick days or vacation days on short notice. However, this person consistently exhausts all their leave and always on Mondays. When they have 8 hours of sick leave saved up, I can be sure in the next week or two to receive a call on Monday morning that they are injured or sick.

It is now time to write this person’s 6-month review and I feel obligated to document this behavior. Not because I want it to stop, because like I said, I’m generally okay with people taking any sick or vacation leave they have accrued. If this person started calling in sick without time accrued, that would be a problem for me and I would be sure to sit the person down and let them know that behavior needs to change. But that is not the case here. I won’t be in this position forever, so I feel like I owe it to the next supervisor to have this behavior documented, at least in a neutral matter-of-factly way, in case it becomes a problem in the future. Like I said, this person really is a good worker. Should I even be including this behavior in a review if I personally don’t have a problem with it?

If you don’t have a problem with it, it shouldn’t be an issue you raise in a review. And if you don’t think the person is doing anything wrong, you don’t need to document it for the next manager. (Also, you should try to avoid raising things in a review that you haven’t already discussed with the employee and — ideally — given them a chance to correct.)

I’d want to know more about how the behaviors impacts work, if at all. Do coworkers get stuck covering for the person, or does it not impact others? Does the person use good judgment and only call out on days where it won’t be a big deal, or does it happen when important work is due or she’s supposed to be at a key meeting? And are you at all concerned that she continually zeros out her balance of sick leave and won’t have any when she has a more urgent need for it? (Of course, that assumes she’s just using it for kicks now. It’s entirely possible she has a legitimate recurring medical appointment that she happens to schedule for Mondays; who knows.)

If there’s really no impact to having lots of unscheduled absences, then carry on. (Although you might mention to her that while it’s fine with you because she’s an excellent worker, she shouldn’t assume it will be fine with other managers.) But if there is an impact, you probably should consider saying something to her about the pattern.

2. I took on a bunch of new work for a promotion that I didn’t get

A few months ago, a promotion opened up in my department under a different manager. I had all the qualifications and an interest so I applied. The hiring manager told me I was the only applicant and had no competition and began parading me around with her to meetings and introducing me as the person who had gotten the promotion. I was given access to her employees’ information, worked on a daily basis for her, and was given access to a lot of company information before I would normally be allowed (if at all) to access it in my current role. All of this was done after the interviews but before I had an offer, and I admit partial guilt in being so pleased to get out of my current role where I was bored to tears that I just went along with it. To boot, my current boss never once said a word about all the work I was doing for someone else and happily approved all exceptions if I needed my workload reduced to do it.

After about a month of this (yes our hiring process is that long), I was pulled aside and advised that someone externally had a few more years experience than me and was being given the promotion. The manager cut off all contact with me and does not appear to have addressed the issue with her employees, as I was approached by quite a few of them asking if I had suddenly quit and why.

Of course, I am disappointed as I interviewed my best and did all this work only to be passed up for someone who came in externally, but I am understanding of the process and admit I was never forced to do anything. But I feel like this manager’s boss should be aware that she not only is treating people like this but is giving them access to sensitive information. But I am sensitive to how it may look like retaliation if I start reporting her now. Do you think I should say something and do you have any suggestions for how to phrase it so I am clear I am okay with the job decision but just want the boss to know? Or am I better off keeping my head down and moving on?

Ugh, that was terribly handled. It would have been one thing to pull you into one or two meetings to give you a sense of the work you’d be doing in the new role and to give your prospective manager a chance to see you in action, but it sounds like she practically had you start work in the new position, just without making it official. And then, even worse, she rudely cut you loose without any explanation, when you were very much owed one.

That said, I don’t think you gain much by reporting it to her boss, and there’s a fairly high chance that it’ll end up reflecting on you (i.e.., you were fine with it when you thought it was to your benefit, but object now that it’s not). That’s not really an accurate take on it — you were led to believe you were getting the job, which is another problem — but there’s a decent chance it’ll come across that way.

If you have good rapport with your current manager, you could ask her about it — something like, “I feel a little uneasy about Jane having given me access to sensitive employee information and then ultimately going with another candidate, as well as about the fact that she hasn’t talked to me at all since deciding to hire someone else. Do you think it’s worth me trying to find a polite way to point that out, or should I just let it drop?”

But otherwise I’d just file this away as useful information about how that manager operates.

3. How many “finalists” do employers usually have for a job?

I know this will vary from employer to employer, but in general, how many candidates proceed to “finalist” status? I was recently told I was a finalist for a position, and I am still in the unfortunate, torturous position of waiting to hear a yay or nay after my last interview. So I guess my question is: would you say, on average, the finalist pool is comprised of 2 candidates, 3, 5? I am just curious what a person’s chances are once they enter the final round of interviews.

It depends on what the company means by “finalist.” Some people use that term to mean “we’ve done all our interviews and it’s come down to two candidates who we need to decide between.” Other people use it to mean “people who have made it through initial screening and are moving forward to in-person interviews.”

If you’ve already interviewed and are being told you’re a finalist, it’s most likely to be you and one, two, or three other people. And if they’re hiring for multiple slots, it could be more than that.

4. Wearing a seersucker suit to a job interview

It is now summer in Alabama and quite hot and the A/C in my car is not the best. Is it appropriate to wear a seersucker suit to a job interview? I have always thought of a seersucker suit as more of a casual suit and not appropriate for a job interview. What do you think?

Seersucker is too casual for a job interview. But I’d wear other light fabrics, and carry the jacket with you rather than wearing it (at least while you’re in your car).

5. Can I give a gift to the HR person who helped hire me?

I read your article about giving gifts at work. I just got a job and the HR person in charge of my hiring had been very nice to me right from my first interview. Can I give her a cinema gift card of about $50 so she can do a movie with her family sometime this summer? Is that a good deal or any other options or recommendation?

Noooo, do not do this. It will make her uncomfortable, and is too close to appearing to give her a gift for hiring you (when in fact she was just doing her job and helping to hire the best candidate). You can certainly send her a note thanking her for her help during the hiring process, but that’s it — no gifts.

I was offered an interview — until they found out my current salary

A reader writes:

I’m a year out of undergrad, and spent the first year in a job that pays well and has great work-life balance, but the work itself is heavily administrative and I hate it.

I studied/interned as a writer and editor and have hoped to find my way into editorial/magazine type positions. I’ve been looking for opportunities in my city (D.C.) and found a editorial assistant position that I am completely qualified for. So I submitted my resume and cover letter and heard back within a day with an invitation to have a preliminary phone interview.

The HR rep also requested that I give my salary history and a potential range for their position. I had already avoided the question on their application because I knew that my current salary would cause them to screen me out. (I work at an organization that pays entry-level much more than most other places in D.C., especially in comparison to nonprofits.) Not wanting to annoy the HR rep, I replied with my salary and said that I would like to speak further about the job before naming salary requirements. I also gave him the time that I would be available for a phone interview, based on the availability he had given me for two days away. He then didn’t reply.

After I sent a follow-up email, he replied that my salary was too high and I was not going to be considered but that my resume would be kept for any higher position that may arise. However, put beside any candidate for the next level position–assistant editor–I’m clearly under-qualified. I am fully aware that I would have to take a substantial pay cut, but their salary range (which he finally told me) would still allow me to afford my apartment and I knew that the experiential pay off would be well worth it in the long run. So I replied that I understood that the salary would be much lower but I’m still very interested and would still like to speak with him about the job. He has not replied and I suspect that I will not hear anything more from him.

My question is simply this: how can I reply to prevent this from happening in the future? It seems like he thought I was a great candidate until he found out my current salary. I understand that it’s normal to screen for salary but I’ve made it clear that I’d find the experience more valuable the my current job (salary included) and I’m still being shut out.

Well, I think a big part of the problem was that you supplied your salary history but deliberately didn’t say what salary you’re seeking now, even though they specifically asked that. And look, I totally understand not wanting to get into that without knowing more about the job (and it annoys me when employers ask at such an early stage, as I’ve talked about here), but in this case it worked against you.

When you know that your current salary is going to make you look outside an employer’s range and you choose to share it anyway, you’re shooting yourself in the foot unless you pair it with a clear statement about what range you’re seeking now (or at least a clear statement that you understand you’ll be taking a pay cut and you’re fine with that). Otherwise, the info you’re giving them is going to convey that you’re too expensive.

I know that you did try to address it in a later exchange, but it sounds like at that point he’d already written you off. Saying it up-front might not have prevented that, but it would have given you a better shot.

As for how to prevent it in the future: First and foremost, don’t be so quick to share your salary history, which is no one’s business but your own. That’s going to take care of the whole problem right there. But if you’re in a situation where you feel like you need to share it, it’s crucial to pair it with a clear statement like, “But my goal is to work in a role like X, and I understand I’ll be taking a pay cut to do it. I’m completely fine with that because I know that it’s the nature of the field.”

You still may encounter employers who are skeptical that you’ll really be okay with a pay cut long-term, but it’ll give you your strongest chances of overcoming those concerns.

help! I’m an extrovert managing a team of introverts

If you’re an extroverted manager, you might find yourself mystified by your more introverted staff members: They don’t want to do workplace social events, they’d rather not team-build, and they stay in their offices all day. How are you supposed to create a cohesive team when everyone’s acting like a hermit?

The strange reality is that there’s a default in American workplace culture to assume extroversion. But some of the management practices that work beautifully with extroverts can go over like a lead balloon with introverts – which means that you should be particularly thoughtful about how you manage your introverts.

Here are some secrets to winning over the hearts of introverts, even if their style is different from what feels natural to you.

1. Provide private work areas, to whatever extent you can. Introverts often prefer to work in relative quiet without interruptions and can have trouble focusing when there’s constant conversation around them. That means that you should avoid open office plans and give people as much privacy as you can. If you don’t have the option of giving everyone their own offices, consider erecting cubicles or dividers to let people wall themselves off. And taking a cue from trains’ popular “quiet cards,” you might even consider dividing your work space into quiet areas and less-quiet areas and letting people choose where they want to work.

2. Limit the on-the-spot brainstorming. Many introverts feel put on the spot when they’re asked to brainstorm without much prep time and instead prefer to have time to think and process their thoughts before being called on to generate ideas. Try giving people a chance to people prepare in advance: Provide detailed agendas for meetings ahead of time to give people a heads-up about what they’ll be discussing, explicitly ask people to think over Topic X and come prepared to share their thoughts, or take breaks during meetings to give people time to sort through their ideas if you want them to eventually share them with the group.

3. Use email. Many, although not all, introverts prefer to handle things – particularly simple things – in email and save talking for things that truly require back-and-forth conversation. If you routinely pop into an introvert’s office without warning for things that could have been quickly handled by email, that introvert may be kind to you about it but probably will be secretly raging in her mind.

4. Don’t push social events. Extroverted managers – and employers in general – frequently assume that employees will view office staff happy hours or summer BBQs as a treat, but your introverted employees may see these events a less-than-welcome obligation. Make it clear to your team that you welcome their presence at work social events but that they’re not mandatory – and don’t make them feel guilty or weird if they choose not to go.

5. Realize that team-building doesn’t require special activities. Lots of people – especially introverts, but plenty of extroverts too – build strong bonds with colleagues by simply working with them. You don’t need special team-building activities like rope courses or lengthy off-site retreats. Collaborating on projects, working together to finish a project, relying on others in the course of normal work – these things all build your team. (But if you do want more formal team-building, check out these ideas for low-key, introvert-friendly ways to do it.)