my boss is mentally ill

A reader writes:

I work for a collection agency that is a sole proprietorship. Over the past several months, the owner’s behavior has become increasingly odd and paranoid. He fired the accounting staff just before Christmas, saying that they were plotting against him. The owner’s target is now the IT director, who he says has installed tracking programs on his home and work computers, is spying on him and his family, deletes his documents while he’s working on them (even when he’s using WiFi in India), and sends him threatening messages that pop up on his screen. He even has his wife feeding into his delusions: while he was in India, he had his wife unplug all their home computers because they’re “not safe” and told her to buy a new one and go somewhere “safe” to do payroll. It’s gotten so bad that the few people who are left are looking for jobs or have already found them (my last day is coming up).

This morning, our email wasn’t working. I was able to get into our commercial debt database but not the consumer debt database. Our overseas call center couldn’t access either one. When our IT director started checking around, he found out that the owner stopped in the office yesterday (Sunday), and he removed one former employee’s computer and several of the servers and took them home. When our attorney contacted him, he said that Mr. IT has infected all of our servers and computers as well and has launched a conspiracy against him. When she asked him to send whatever proof he has, he sent several pages of completely innocuous DOS code over our fax machine.

Without those servers, we can’t do any work. When the attorney asked about getting them back in the office, he said he wouldn’t bring them because he couldn’t trust Mr. IT to hook them back up and he doesn’t know how to do it. We don’t know whether we should even show up tomorrow, or the next day, or what! Should we keep showing up and sitting there doing nothing? Should we call someone to report what’s going on so they can get him some help? I feel so bad for his wife and little girls, but I’m honestly at a loss as to what to do.

Oh, this is terrible. I’m sorry you’re facing it.

I’d continue showing up through your last day as long as you’re (a) getting paid and (b) feel safe there. If you feel at all unsafe though, move up your last day to right now.

And while I don’t normally advocate contacting people’s spouses, this might be a situation where it would be warranted. It’s hard to think that his wife isn’t aware of what’s going on with her husband, but she might not realize the ways that it’s playing out at work. You could explain that you’re concerned about his health and didn’t feel right not alerting someone who’s better positioned to evaluate the situation and help him than you are.

Good luck.

which matters more: skills or personality?

A reader writes:

I was hoping you could sort of a disagreement I’ve been having with a friend about workplace culture. Both of us are entry level professionals in our first “real” jobs out of university. He thinks that personality and feelings are completely irrelevant to work, and he would be happy to hire someone who was highly skilled but antisocial, unfriendly, and even rude over someone slightly less skilled but easy to get along with. I feel the opposite: I would greatly prefer to work with a team of positive people who might not be 100% competent, but who work well together and are friendly and sociable.

My friend recently had an experience at his new office that he found extremely unpleasant, which surprised me, because it’s something that I would personally appreciate. His new boss took him out (just the two of them) for a mostly-social, semi-work related coffee during the work day, and seemed to be trying to get to know him a little better personally. I don’t need to be best friends with the people I’m working with/for, nor do I compulsively fill my work emails with smiley faces and exclamation points, but I can’t see the harm in being personable and knowing a little bit about who I’m working with. I enjoy work much more when I’m working with people who I genuinely like. Is that strange?

No, it’s not strange.

But we need to break your categories down a little more. The first category — “antisocial, unfriendly, and even rude” lumps things together that are too different. Antisocial isn’t the same as rude. Rude is unacceptable, but not being especially extroverted or social is completely fine in most jobs. And the second category suffers from a similar problem: Easy to get along with and working well with others are both things you should want in an employee, but that doesn’t mean that people have to be particularly social if they’d rather not. There are great employees along all parts of the socializing spectrum.

So I’m going to change your framing a bit. I think you’re really asking this question: Is it better to hire for hard skills or soft skills (i.e., interpersonal skills)? And the answer there is … Hire for both. The choice isn’t between hiring someone competent and hiring someone with interpersonal skills; most employers are able to hire people who fit both categories.

That said, there’s a popular business saying that you should hire for attitude and train for skills. The thinking, of course, is that you can train someone to sell your product or use a software program, but you can’t train them to be warm and friendly to customers, or communicate well, or take initiative, or have a work ethic — so you should hire for that untrainable stuff and then train them to do what you need. The problem with that concept is that it only applies in certain types of jobs, particularly entry-level roles or service roles. It doesn’t really work for lots of other roles — in many jobs, you really need someone who comes in already having a certain baseline of skills, and that’s increasingly true as roles become more senior. You’re not going to hire a CFO or a project manager just because they’re great with people, after all. In those roles, you need the soft skills and the hard skills. And there’s no reason you have to choose, just like there’s no reason you have to choose between hiring someone smart or someone trustworthy. You should want (and can generally get) both.

Now, back to your friend, who found it extremely unpleasant that his new boss took him out for coffee to get to know him better. This is a very normal thing for managers to do. I’d have your friend’s back if his manager was constantly wanting to have lunch or happy hour with him, or regularly expecting him to show up at workplace social events, but a single rapport-building coffee? Or even a monthly coffee? He’s going to encounter that throughout his career, and it’s going to serve him well if he just approaches it as a normal part of working in a professional setting.

how to create a resume from scratch

Wondering how to write a great resume that will show off your skills and experience and get you interviews? Here’s a beginner’s guide to how to craft a resume that will catch a hiring manager’s eyes.

Your resume should be composed of the following sections:

Contact info. This is pretty straightforward – this is the header for your resume, and it’s where your name, address, phone number, and email address go. It’s fine to add a link your LinkedIn profile or your website if you want to, but don’t clutter this section up to much.

Profile or highlights. This section is optional, but profiles or highlight sections have replaced objectives at the top of modern-day resumes. This is a quick list of the highlights of your strengths and accomplishments, summing up in just a few bullet points who you are as a candidate and what you have to offer. The idea is to provide an overall framing for your candidacy, setting the hiring manager up to see the rest of your resume through that lens.

Experience: This is the meat of your resume. You should list each job (from most recent to least recent) – where you worked, what your title was, and the years you worked there. Underneath that, you should have a bulleted list of what you achieved while working there. And this is crucial: These bullets should not be used to just explain your job duties. Instead, you should focus on accomplishments – things you achieved that were simply fulfilling the basis duties of your job. For instance, instead of “managed website,” it’s far stronger to say something like, “increased Web traffic by 15% in six months” – in other words, explain how you performed, not just what your job was.

When you’re deciding what to include, give yourself permission to remove things that don’t strengthen your candidacy. You don’t need three lines explaining boring, basic job duties – especially if these responsibilities are going to be implied by your title. Similarly, you don’t need to include that summer job from eight years ago, or that job you did for three weeks that didn’t work out. Your resume is a marketing document, not a comprehensive listing of everything about you, so include the things that strengthen your candidacy, and pare down the rest.

Education: For most people, this section should just be a line or two, explaining where you went to school and what degree you graduated with. And note that generally your education should go beneath your work experience, because generally employers are most interested in what work experience you’ve had. Leading with your education just buries what will make most attractive to an employer.

Optional other sections: After that, you might include some additional optional sections, like Volunteer Work (or Community Involvement), Skills (if not obvious from the experience section), or Miscellaneous. Fleshing out your skills and experience in these sections can demonstrate a passion for the work that your work experience can’t always do. For instance, if you’re applying for an I.T. position and you run an online software discussion group in your spare time, mention that. Or if you’re applying for a teaching job and you review children’s books for your website, that’s important to mention too. These types of details help paint a stronger picture of you as a candidate.

Things not to include: Your resume is for experience and accomplishments only. It’s not the place for subjective traits, like “great leadership skills” or “creative innovator.” Smart employers ignore anything subjective that applicant write about themselves because so many people’s self-assessments are wildly inaccurate, so your resume should stick to objective facts. Additional no-no’s: Don’t include a photo of yourself, information about your age, any mention of high school, medical conditions, or family members.

Overall formatting: In all of the sections above, you should be using bullet points, not complete sentences. Hiring managers will only skim your resume initially, and big blocks of text are difficult to skim. An employer will absorb more information about you with a quick skim if your information is arranged in bullet points rather than paragraphs.

Length: As a general rule, your resume shouldn’t be over two pages (or one, if you’re a recent grad). The longer your resume is, the less likely an employer is to see the parts you want them to see. The initial scan of your resume is about 20 seconds — do you want that divided among three pages, or do you want it focused on the most important things you want to convey? Short and concise means that employers are more likely to read the parts you most care about. Plus, long resumes can make you come across as someone who can’t edit and doesn’t know what information is essential and what’s less important.

Design: Avoid unusual colors or untraditional designs. All most hiring managers want from a resume: a concise, easy-to-scan list of what you’ve accomplished, organized chronologically by position, plus any particularly notable skills, all presented in a format that they can quickly scan and get the highlights.

I originally wrote this article for publication on AOL.com.

my coworker has an inappropriate LinkedIn photo, responding to a candidate’s rejection of our offer, and more

It’s five answers to five questions. Here we go…

1. How can I tactfully tell my coworker to get to the point?

I have a peer who will often call me or drop by my office to ask me a question about something. Rather than getting right to the point, the coworker will ramble on, interjecting unnecessary commentary, which turns what should be a quick question into a long, annoying, never ending sentence. For example, her question might be, “Do I still need to update the tracker?” What she will say is: “Heeeeeeey, I have a question, I know you covered this, but then John mentioned it might change, and OMG, these managers are driving me nuts, so I’m in the tracker and I’m looking at my stuff, and wow there is a lot in here,and I know your super busy cause we have sooooo much going on and I’m trying to keep up with my updates, but I wasn’t sure if I needed to do that. Soooooooooooo I thought I’ll give you a call, cause your like the expert….”

She will say it without pausing. Her emails tend to be in this format as well. It’s starting to drive me nuts. Is there any way to tactfully tell her to get to the point?

If it’s really just a few extra sentences, you’ve got to just bite the bullet and deal with the few extra sentences.

But if it’s significantly more, you can try interrupting her when she first starts to ramble and saying something like, “Oh, I’m sorry, I just have a minute right now. If it will take longer, it might be better to email or set up a time to talk.” Or, since it sounds like much of her rambling is sort of apologetic about the interruption, you might try saying something like, “Hey, please don’t feel like you need to apologize or explain why you need my help. It’s okay to just jump straight to your question — in fact, it’s actually easier for me if you do!”

But with someone whose style is like this, these tactics might not work. And in that case, you’re pretty much stuck just dealing with this as an annoying habit that’s part of the package with this coworker.

Note: If you were her manager, you could handle this differently, by giving her direct feedback and clearly explaining what you’d like her to do differently. But since she’s a peer, the above is really all you can do.

2. Should I tell my coworker her LinkedIn photo is inappropriate?

A coworker of mine has recently changed her profile photo (for email and other public work-related networking sites) to one that I think might be a bit inappropriate for workplace, but I could be wrong (i.e., too conservative). The reason I even care at all is because she, though not in direct contact with clients, is in HR and specifically responsible for recruiting. I would not want any of our perspective candidates to think of us as unprofessional.

Attached is the photo, which I tried to resize it so that it is too small to recognize the person in the photo, but still enough to see the general pose. Do you think this is indeed inappropriate for work? Should I suggest to her that she should choose a different photo?

In terms of hierarchy, she doesn’t report directly to me, as I manage an engineering team, not HR. We are in two parallel trees, so to speak. Personally, we do hang out casually as a group during lunch. But again, we don’t know each other too well to the point I could just tell her directly.

Whoa. For readers: In the photo, the coworker is in a little black dress with thin straps similar to a tank top, and it’s a full body shot (she’s sitting, and her body is visible down to her calves) and she’s in a kind of seductive pose. It’s an inappropriate photo to be using professionally.

But … you don’t really have the standing to tell her. You’re not her manager or otherwise in a position of authority over her, and you’re not personally close to her. You’re a bystander, basically. I hear you on not being thrilled about how this will come across to job candidates, but this one just isn’t yours to handle. Not everything that should be acted on by someone can be acted on by everyone.

3. Manager has asked us to stop calling each other “Miss ____”

I work in an office of associates ranging in ages 22 to 60. Some of the younger associates address others as Miss Donna, etc. We have had some open conversations as to why they address associates this way; some have said it’s out of respect, others “I was raised this way,” and some even because that’s how the person was introduced to them. No one really thought anything about it; this was normal for our office. Eight months ago a new manager was hired. He’s in his mid 30’s. After a few months, he told one of the girls she could not longer address others as “Miss ___” because it was unprofessional. He asked another girl why she addressed Donna as Miss Donna but didn’t address Mark as Mr or Master. This has confused some of the younger workers as they felt they were being respectful. My question is, is it unprofessional to address others as “Miss ___” in an office setting?

This is 100% a cultural thing. It’s somewhat common in the south and pretty uncommon anywhere else. Your manager might be being a little culturally tone-deaf by asking for it to stop, but it’s ultimately his call to make … and he’s right that using a different form of address for women than men isn’t a great thing in an office.

4. Responding to a candidate who turned down our offer

I am a hiring manager. One of the candidates emailed me the turn down my offer. I would like to answer in a professional way. What would be a professional response to someone who turned down your offer by email?

“Thanks so much for letting me know. We’re disappointed, of course, and if there’s anything we could have done to change your mind, I’d love to know — but either way, we think you’re great and wish you the best of luck in whatever you do next!”

If it’s a candidate who you invested significant amounts of time in and who you really thought highly of, you might want to call instead — but either way, the tone should be disappointed but not guilt-throwing and should be genuinely wishing them well.

5. How can I combat bad morale as a non-manager?

My department has crushingly low morale, partly due to a bad manager, and partly due to us feeding off each other’s negativity. There’s not a great deal I can do about the management, but do you have any suggestions on what I, as a very small cog in the machine, can do to break the cycle of negativity?

Yes! You’re right that you can’t solve the big issues of bad management, but you do have (some) control over the feeding-off-each-other’s-negativity piece of this. In a situation like this, resolving to stop complaining can actually be huge. There’s something about regular complaining that magnifies whatever you’re complaining about and makes most people even more unhappy (and can eventually cause you to display other problematic behavior on the job too). This doesn’t mean that you have to turn a blind eye to serious management problems; you can and should continue to calmly process what you’re seeing so that you can make good decisions for yourself — but if you resolve to stop complaining or otherwise feeding the negativity, there’s a good chance it’ll improve your quality of life there (and other people’s too).

Read an update to this letter here.

LinkedIn is not a dating site

If you’re checking out profiles on LinkedIn looking for your next date, you have a pretty fundamental misunderstanding of what the site is for (and why the people you’re checking out have profiles there).

This might seem like something that should go without saying, but I recently did an interview with the New York Post about a new dating app that syncs to the user’s LinkedIn account. From there, you filter by gender, age, distance, industry, and school, and it’ll show you other LinkedIn users’ headshots, professions, hometowns, and alma maters so that you can decide who you want to hit up for a date.

This is a terrible and gross idea.

LinkedIn in a professional networking site; it’s not a social site. It’s to help you manage your professional contacts and your career.

And most people on LinkedIn — and at work — want to be judged first as professionals. People don’t generally want colleagues assessing their attractiveness or sizing them up as a potential date. Most people want colleagues to be thinking about their competence, not whether they might want to make out with you.

Plus, while it’s certainly true that many people find romance at work or among work contacts, that doesn’t mean that you should actively try to cultivate it there. It’s one thing if an attraction develops naturally with someone you know you in a professional context, but actively seeking out romance in your professional network — without even having anyone particular in mind — is courting problems. Dating within your professional circles can be messy. It can impact your work relationships, cause tensions when things don’t work out, and impact the way you’re perceived, fairly or unfairly.

Please keep your dating game, your flirtatious eye contact, and your Axe body spray off of LinkedIn.

how to avoid telling employees “because I said so”

A reader writes:

I manage about 20 people in a small business that is rapidly growing and expanding. We are fortunate to have many long-term employees. Our previous two managers left about a year and a half ago, and I was promoted and joined a new management team of three. We are very productive and work amazingly well together. I have always tried to be very clear to my employees that I’m always available to answer questions, listen when they have concerns or are unhappy, and support them in any way that will ensure that they are able to do their jobs well.

As we’ve been making some necessary (and hard for some, because change can be hard) changes lately, I’ve been a little stumped about how to answer certain questions from my staff. I don’t want to be the boss that says “it is what it is,” “none of your business,” or “because I said so,” but as not everyone is going to adapt to changes as well as others, I find myself in very lengthy conversations about how they are unhappy with change. I try my best to be diplomatic and take concerns seriously, but sometimes I feel like I want to say, “As your manager, this is how I’m telling you to do it and this is the way it needs to be. I do basically say this, but I feel it comes across as harsh and as if I’m not taking what they’re telling me seriously. Tips?

Well, first, the fact that you’re being thoughtful about this and don’t want to just rest on “because I said so” speaks well for how this is likely to play out – because you’re right that it’s important to take people’s input seriously and not to dismiss concerns. That said, you’re also right that sometimes decisions need to go in a different direction from what your staff want, and it’s not reasonable to spend huge amounts of time debating that or rehashing when you need people moving forward.

The basic formula you want in your situation is this:  “I hear you, and I appreciate the input. We’ve decided to do it this way because ___. Let’s try it for now and we can always visit it down the road if we need to.”

The keys here are that you’re letting them know you hear them and you’re sharing the reasons for why the decision is something different. You’re also letting them know that if it causes real problems, the subject can be reopened later on – but that for now, you need to move forward with the current plan.

Now, obviously, you do really want to hear people out and be open-minded about their input. It’s possible that you might hear something that changes your mind about how you want to proceed, and you want to be truly open to that — both because you’ll get to the best solutions that way, and because people can tell if you’re genuinely open to hearing them or not.

But if your mind isn’t changed — or if it’s not something that can be revisited right now, for whatever reason — then the formula above is what you use.

And if someone doesn’t accept that as an answer and keeps resisting, then you address that. For example: “I understand that you’re concerned because ____. However, we’ve chosen to do it this way because ____, and now I need you on board with that.” And if they still keep resisting even after that, then you address it more seriously: “I’ve heard your concerns on this, but as I’ve explained before, we’re doing this way because ___. At this point, it’s not something that we can continue revisiting and I need to know that you’re able to accept that, even though this isn’t the decision you would have made. Can you do that?”

But I think you’ll find that by being open about why the decisions are what they are, and by clearly communicating that you do value input but that at times you or someone else needs to make a different decision, people will be more likely to respect your decision and support what you’re asking of them.

my manager threatened to fire me or lower my pay if I don’t help clean the lunchroom

A reader writes:

I work in the IT department at a small company. There was a company policy enacted that all employees are required to clean the lunchroom when it’s their turn. Our lunchroom is shared by everyone, including our warehouse staff (they regularly make a mess and leave it behind.) A cleanup schedule was created and the decree was passed down to the staff without any discussion. I disagreed with the policy for a few reasons. I do not use the lunchroom. Because of that, I feel that I am being punished for other people’s actions. The biggest reason I disagree with the policy is because it doesn’t address the issue at hand: people not cleaning up after themselves.

I’ve really created a stir by disagreeing with the policy. My main point has been that as an IT tech, I shouldn’t be tasked with cleanup for other people’s messes. My stance on this issue has come to a head recently, and my manager has threatened to reduce my pay and even mentioned that my job could be at stake if I don’t take part.

Can they actually do that? What would recommend that I do?

Yeah, they can do that. They can make your job anything they want (assuming you don’t have a contract to the contrary, which most U.S. workers don’t). They can’t change your pay retroactively, but they can change it going forward.

Not that they should, though. Your argument is exactly right: You shouldn’t have to clean up other people’s messes when your job has nothing to do with keeping the office presentable.

My answer would be different if (a) you were using the lunchroom yourself, in which case it’s reasonable to ask you to be part of keeping it usable for everyone, or (b) you were in a junior role where keeping the office presentable was part of your responsibilities.

But neither of those appears to be true.

As for what to do now, your choices are basically to deal with it (and it’s probably not going to take up a significant amount of your time or happen very often, right?) or  go to your manager and explain your concern. If you do the latter, you could politely say something like, “I want to explain why I’ve asked to be omitted from the cleaning rotation. First, I don’t use the lunchroom at all, so I’m not contributing to any mess there. Second, I’d like to stay focused on the work that I’ve been hired to do. I’m absolutely willing to pitch in when needed, but having cleaning become part of my regular job here is really far afield from what I came on board to do. This isn’t about thinking I’m too good for it; it’s about wanting to stay focused on work that can’t be done outside of our department.”

If your manager is reasonable, that should be an effective argument, because this is really just about assigning staff resources sensibly. Specialized employees should stay focused on the tasks that only they can do well and which they’re paid to do. That’s why VPs don’t coordinate office supplies and IT staff don’t stuff envelopes. It’s a bad use of resources. It’s also not a great way to retain top performing senior employees, who want to spend their time on their actual work.

However, your manager probably isn’t particularly reasonable, given that she’s threatened to lower your pay or fire you over this. And if she holds firm, ultimately that’s her call to make. At that point, you’d need to decide if you still want the job, knowing that it now includes occasional lunchroom clean-up in addition to your other responsibilities.

my coworkers keep badmouthing my boss to me, is it okay to just order coffee at a lunch interview, and more

It’s five answers to five questions. Here we go…

1. Is it okay to just order coffee at a lunch interview?

So at a certain stage of your interview for a job, you are being asked to meet the interviewer for lunch at a certain place. You meet, the interviewer orders lunch, and you order just a coffee. Is this ok (or should you be ordering lunch)? Is it ok to offer to pay for coffee/lunch at the end?

You should order lunch too. The interviewer is extending you hospitality by inviting you to a lunch meeting, and ordering just coffee is socially a little tone-deaf. It’s assumed that the interviewer will pay; she’s hosting the meeting, and it’s a business expense for her.

2. How can I stop coworkers from badmouthing my boss to me?

I have been hired at local university and have found myself in an unpleasant situation. I am a secretary for one of the department heads. A woman in my building (not in my department, but she supplies a service to us) trashes my department head. She wants to talk about her and have me go along. I have been there only a month. The first week I was there, I had four people come to me and trash her and tell me these horrible stories. I have not been the receiptant or witnessed anything that they are referring to. I have found that one behavior they talked about was something the prior secretary had offered to do and then the department head took advantage and was inconsiderate. I am getting the impression that some things were asked by the department head, she agreed, and then resented agreeing to it and felt stuck. She agreed, suffered some sour grapes, and complained to everyone vs. standing up for herself and confronting the issue. I am of the view that you stand your ground when asked to do unreasonable things past your job description; just be polite about it.

I have started telling people that I like my department head and I get strange looks. But this person wants to come into my office and trash my supervisor and I am terrified that my boss will hear her running her mouth. I get rid of her as soon as possible. Please give me a quick statement that I can parrot back that can end this. I want to keep a good relationship with the woman but am at a loss. I want the freedom to make my own opinion without so much input from others.

“I’ve enjoyed working for Jane so far.”

If that doesn’t work, then move to: “I’d rather not discuss her like this. Thank you.”

3. New manager is constantly texting and emailing during meetings

Within management of the medium-sized company where I work, we have a new manager in her very early 30s. During meetings (intimate meetings of 4 to 5 people) when others are speaking, the new manager will pick up her mobile phone and start checking email, texts, etc. Please note that we are not in the medical field where she could be responding to a heart attack or the birth of a baby–there’s no emergency. When I have broached the subject and shared my disapproval of this practice with others on the management team who are higher in the organizational structure, I’ve been told that her actions are related to her age and “that’s how they are.” I think at any age it’s rude, counter-productive and no different than simply talking over someone and starting a separate conversation during a meeting. Is my attitude outdated? I’m not that much older than the new manager and I’m great with technology–just not at the expense of the objective of the meeting or the respect of the time of others. What’s your opinion?

Yes, it’s rude — although it’s also the culture in some offices, so it’s possible that she’s coming from somewhere where this was well within cultural norms. Someone who’s peer level with her or above her would ideally say something about it — either in the moment (where “Oh, do you need to step outside to deal with a message?” can be pretty effective) or as feedback outside of it (“I’ve noticed you’re often on your phone during meetings — we generally try not to do that here unless it’s an emergency” — although that’s something that ideally would be delivered by her manager).

The excuse that “that’s just how people in their 30s are” is ridiculous; that is not just how people in their 30s are. Plenty of people under 40 don’t do this, and plenty are able to pick up on cultural norms. But ultimately, if people with authority over her don’t care, that’s their call.

4. How many in-person interviews should an employer do for one job?

I recently went through an interview process for several different jobs. I received two offers and accepted the position that was clearly a better fit. My question has to do with the job I didn’t accept.

My interviewer (who is a professor) was very clear about her process. She had phone interviews with several candidates and the top two were flown out for a site visit and interview. I was her second choice candidate, and when the first choice candidate declined, I was offered the position. Since I also declined, the professor has no one for the position and has to start over. She also now has a time issue and needs a candidate who can start ASAP. Someday I hope to be in her shoes and this makes me wonder… how many candidates do I do site interviews with? She probably had to pay $1000+ for my travel expenses — this can really add up as you start to add additional candidates. What is your experience with this?

How many candidates you interview in-person depends on the position, but for a typical position I’d say you should aim to do 3-5 in-person interviews. For roles that are more senior or otherwise harder to fill, that number will probably go up.

However, when it’s a role where you’re paying to fly candidates in from out-of-town, it’s not crazy to decide just to fly in your top two finalists — but I’d meanwhile hold off on rejecting anyone else who might be competitive, in case those two don’t work out. Then you’d still be able to go back to them if you need to. And given the travel expense, you’d want to do as much probing as you can ahead of time about what your finalists are looking for in an offer — i.e., talk about salary and other potential deal-breakers ahead of time, so that you’re setting yourself and them up for a successful offer as much as possible.

5. I was asked to turn over my phone before taking a post-interview skills test

Can you tell me if it’s legal for a company that interviewed me to ask for my mobile phone without prior warning? They had just put me in a room alone to do a 45-minute skills test and asked me to leave my phone outside the room. Fair enough they didn’t want me googling answers, but they didn’t tell me in the paperwork beforehand that they’d want the phone. I was then left to calculate percentages on things on a budget too without being given a calculator, so I spent 25 minutes on one question using long multiplication and division, which I hadn’t used for 20 years! None of this seemed quite right!

Yes, that’s perfectly legal. If they want to test your ability to do math without a calculator, it’s not crazy that they don’t want you to have your phone with you.

Whether wanting you to be able to do math without a calculator is a reasonable thing would depend on the nature of the job — but either way, it’s not illegal for them to request that you not take your phone into the testing room.

hiring someone who will need two airplane seats when she travels

A reader writes:

I am currently in the process of hiring a senior, regional-level manager. This person will need to travel extensively by plane.

We are nearing the end of our hiring process. The woman who has emerged as the strongest candidate is very large and in order to travel by plane will need to use either first-class seating or two coach seats (I am also a large woman who barely fits in a coach seat, so I know with certainty that she will not fit in a standard seat).

My questions:

1) If we choose to hire her, what are our obligations for her travel? Should we plan on purchasing upgraded or extra seats for her? Should we purchase the usual seat an expect her to cover the additional cost on her own?

2) If we choose to hire her, how do we have a conversation with her about how we will handle purchasing flights (regardless of whether we pay or she does)?

3) If we decided to cover the additional cost of her travel, it would significantly increase our travel budget for this role. I’m not sure I can get approval for that from our finance department. But if she is the strongest candidate for the job, it seems wrong to not choose her based on her body size.

Can you help?

I think if you hire her, you’ve got to assume that you’ll be buying two seats for her each time she travels. (I would not assume that you’ll need to buy business class tickets, which are usually significantly more expensive than two seats in coach.) It wouldn’t be reasonable for her to shoulder the cost of the extra seat each time; in a job with frequent air travel, she’d be paying quite a bit of money just to do her job.

I’d think of it like a medical accommodation that you might make in other contexts. And as with other accommodations, the question would be whether courts would consider it an unreasonable hardship for your organization. (That’s the very hazy and inexact standard set out by the Americans with Disabilities Act.)

As for how to discuss it if you do end up hiring her, I think you’d bring it up once she was on the job by asking something like, “Do you have any preferences that we should know about as far as air travel?” (Actually, whoever will be booking her travel would ideally ask this, and you’d coordinate ahead of time with them to let them know that two seats for her have been okayed.)

Because this is a tricky, tricky area of law, I asked an employment lawyer to weigh in (who regularly goes by Employment Lawyer in the comments here). Here’s his response:

“The law can be inefficient. Obviously it would be better for you both if you could discuss this openly: she would rather not waste time if she won’t get hired, and you would rather not reject your top candidate (much less do so based on mistaken assumptions). Unfortunately, I don’t think you should assume that you can safely discuss this. If you decline to hire someone after finding out that they have a covered disability, you may expose yourself to a lawsuit.

That is true even though the issues are not entirely clear-cut. Certainly there appears to be a growing sense that obesity can be a ‘disability.’ Even if it is not considered a disability under national law, state laws can also be more stringent than national ones; I won’t presume to guess what they are in every state. Moreover, even if obesity isn’t a disability now, it seems possible it will be classified as one in the future. If so, then a covered employer would need to make an accommodation. This process doesn’t begin until an employee makes a request for an accommodation–which can be formal, or which can be something like saying, ‘I am going to need you to buy two seats for me because I cannot fit in one seat.’

*If we assume for the moment that this is a disability,* then whether or not this particular hiring manager thinks that ‘two seats’ is not a reasonable accommodation is not an issue. Most obviously, they could it be wrong; an employer’s view of ‘reasonable’ is often much more limited than the law requires. But also, this is the wrong time to bring it up: the parties are functionally expected to engage in a back and-forth about accommodations AFTER hiring; an employer should not make a unilateral decision before hiring.

If you really feel like you could not hire her if she needed two seats, then you should consult an employment attorney in your state to make 100% sure that this is not a covered disability, and then you can consider asking about it or declining to hire her. But frankly, for a high-level manager, it seems that qualifications are going to be a lot more relevant than a few thousand extra dollars on plane tickets.”

how to get a job when you don’t have experience

Job searching without much work experience can be a frustrating experience; employers will tell you that need more experience, but how are you supposed to get it if no one will hire you Whether you’re a recent grad or a stay-at-home parent re-entering the workforce, here are eight tips that will you combat lack of experience in your job search.

1. Figure out why you’d be great at the job. When you decided to apply, you had some reason to believe you could do the job being advertised, right? So spend some time thinking about why. This doesn’t have to be about formal experience; it can be about personal traits you bring to the job, or other less formal qualifications. For instance, it’s perfectly appropriate to mention your love of creating order out of chaos when applying to an admin job, your encyclopedic knowledge of fashion when applying to work in merchandising, and so forth.

2. Don’t worry about being a perfect match. You don’t need to have every single qualification listed in the job advertisement; people get hired all the time without being a line-for-line match with the job posting. You should have most of the qualifications, of course; don’t apply for jobs that ask for 10 years of experience if you’ve only been working for one. But if the ad asks for 3-5 years of experience and you have two years, and you can write a really good cover letter and point to solid achievements in those two years, then go ahead and apply. And speaking of cover letters…

3. Write an outstanding cover letter. If you don’t have much experience, a cover letter is the thing that can convince a hiring manager to call you for an interview. But the letter needs to be a truly excellent one – and that means it can’t just rehash the contents of your resume or consist of a few paragraphs of generic filler. It needs to explain why you’d excel at the job and why you’re truly excited about the opportunity. For example, if you’re applying for a admin job and you’re so neurotically organized that you alphabetize your spices and color-code your closet, most hiring managers would love to know that about you. (And yes, this means it cannot be a form letter that you’re using for every job you apply for.)

4. Pay a ton of attention to soft skills. You don’t have the work experience that will let you sail through a hiring process, and that’s not something you can change overnight. But what’s much more within your control are the soft skills that you display to an employer – like friendliness, professionalism, responsiveness, and follow-through. Being stellar in these areas can serve as a counterweight to your lack of experience.

5. Think about what non-obvious experience you can highlight. You might not have years of work experience, but what else in your background can demonstrate that you have the skills the employer is looking for? For instance, maybe your fundraising work with your college alumni association demonstrates that you can quickly create rapport with people of all backgrounds and aren’t afraid to ask for money. Or maybe the tech blog you’ve run as a hobby demonstrates compelling writing and an ability to pick up new technology quickly. Experience doesn’t have to just come from traditional professional jobs; you probably have other things in your life that demonstrate useful skills.

6. In your interview, strike the right balance between confidence and humility. This is a tricky one. On one hand, if you’re not confident that you can do the work, your interviewer won’t be either. But on the other hand, you don’t want to want to come across as inappropriately cocky or naïve about your own experience level and what it will take to the job well. You need to find a balance somewhere in the middle – confident but with a realistic understanding of your own strengths and weaknesses.

7. Look for ways to get the experience you lack. Yes, it would be nice to step into a full-time job, but if no one’s offering you one, look for ways to get more experience for your resume. Part-time internships, volunteering, or even just doing projects on your own can mitigate some of that experience deficit and make you a stronger candidate.

8. Be realistic. While all of the tips above will help strengthen your candidacy when you don’t have a lot of experience, it’s also important to be realistic about what types of jobs you’ll be considered qualified for. In a tight job market like this one, when employers are flooded with highly qualified applicants, there’s less incentive for them to consider people who are less qualified. You’ll have the most success if you carefully target jobs you truly can prove you can succeed at – not just jobs where you think “I could do that,” but jobs where you can point to specific evidence that you’d excel.

Ultimately, the idea here is to put yourself in the hiring manager’s shoes. What should make them excited about hiring you? That’s what needs to be reflected in your cover letter, your resume, and your interview. And if you can’t figure out why they should be excited about hiring you, you can’t expect them to figure it out — which should be a flag that you need to move on to a different opening, one where you can make a compelling case for yourself.

I originally published this at U.S. News & World Report.